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翻訳と辞書　辞書検索 [ 開発暫定版 ] スポンサード リンク Comparative statics ： ウィキペディア英語版 Comparative statics In economics, comparative statics is the comparison of two different economic outcomes, before and after a change in some underlying exogenous parameter.〔(Mas-Colell, Whinston, and Green, 1995, p. 24; Silberberg and Suen, 2000)〕 As a study of ''statics'' it compares two different equilibrium states, after the process of adjustment (if any). It does not study the motion towards equilibrium, nor the process of the change itself. Comparative statics is commonly used to study changes in supply and demand when analyzing a single market, and to study changes in monetary or fiscal policy when analyzing the whole economy. The term 'comparative statics' itself is more commonly used in relation to microeconomics (including general equilibrium analysis) than to macroeconomics. Comparative statics was formalized by John R. Hicks (1939) and Paul A. Samuelson (1947) (Kehoe, 1987, p. 517) but was presented graphically from at least the 1870s.〔Fleeming Jenkin (1870), "The Graphical Representation of the Laws of Supply and Demand, and their Application to Labour," in Alexander Grant, ''Recess Studies'' and (1872), "On the principles which regulate the incidence of taxes," ''Proceedings of Royal Society of Edinburgh 1871-2'', pp. (618-30. ), also in ''Papers, Literary, Scientific, &c'', v. 2 (1887), ed. S.C. Colvin and J.A. Ewing via scroll to chapter (links. )〕 For models of stable equilibrium rates of change, such as the neoclassical growth model, comparative dynamics is the counterpart of comparative statics (Eatwell, 1987). ==Linear approximation== Comparative statics results are usually derived by using the implicit function theorem to calculate a linear approximation to the system of equations that defines the equilibrium, under the assumption that the equilibrium is stable. That is, if we consider a sufficiently small change in some exogenous parameter, we can calculate how each endogenous variable changes using only the first derivatives of the terms that appear in the equilibrium equations. For example, suppose the equilibrium value of some endogenous variable $x$ is determined by the following equation: :$f(x,a)=0\; \backslash ,$ where $a$ is an exogenous parameter. Then, to a first-order approximation, the change in $x$ caused by a small change in $a$ must satisfy: :$B\; \backslash textx\; +\; C\; \backslash texta\; =\; 0.$ Here $\backslash textx$ and $\backslash texta$ represent the changes in $x$ and $a$, respectively, while $B$ and $C$ are the partial derivatives of $f$ with respect to $x$ and $a$ (evaluated at the initial values of $x$ and $a$), respectively. Equivalently, we can write the change in $x$ as: :$\backslash textx\; =\; -B^C\; \backslash texta\; .$ Dividing through the last equation by d''a'' gives the comparative static derivative of ''x'' with respect to ''a'', also called the multiplier of ''a'' on ''x'': :$\backslash frac\; =\; -B^C.$ 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Comparative statics」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク 翻訳と辞書 : 翻訳のためのインターネットリソース Copyright(C) kotoba.ne.jp 1997-2016. All Rights Reserved.